Artificial Intelligence (AI) Tools among University Students: A Structured Literature Review of Current Trends and Future Research

Abstract

Artificial Intelligence (AI) tools like ChatGPT, Gemini, Microsoft Copilot, NotebookLM, and DeepSeek have transformed higher education. AI tools are becoming commonplace among university students for academic writing, problem-solving, information retrieval, and self-directed learning. There has been an increase in research on these technologies, but current empirical studies remain scattered, using a variety of theoretical lenses, research variables, and methodological approaches. This makes it difficult to deepen the understanding of the usage of AI by university students. Relevant articles published from 2022 to 2026 were identified exclusively from the Scopus database and systematically analysed using the Literature Review Matrix, resulting in 35 empirical studies. The review synthesised evidence on theories, research variables, methodologies, and research gaps in the literature. The findings show that the most used theories are the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) and the Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology (UTAUT). Although studies on technology acceptance, student perceptions, and learning outcomes have received attention, the focus on AI literacy, responsible use of AI, and organisational aspects remains under-researched. This review offers a detailed summary of the existing research and suggests future directions for the effective and ethical use of AI technologies in higher education.